WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥� The U.S. and Saudi Arabia on Wednesday forged a new agreement that could potentially provide the kingdom with for its civilian nuclear program.
U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright and Saudi Minister of Energy Abdulaziz bin Salman formally signed the nuclear cooperation agreement, known as a 鈥�123 agreement,鈥� alongside what the Trump administration described as a 鈥渂ilateral safeguards agreement.鈥�
The U.S. administration released scant details of the deal, but the framework paves the way for the building of a uranium enrichment facility in Saudi Arabia after a joint U.S.-Saudi study, according to a person familiar with the matter who was not authorized to comment publicly and spoke on the condition of anonymity.
鈥淭hese agreements reflect our two nations鈥� shared commitment to strengthening U.S.-Saudi commercial relations, delivering prosperity at home and security to our allies abroad,鈥� Wright said in a statement. 鈥淩est assured, these agreements uphold the highest standards of nuclear safety and nonproliferation, while relying on the world鈥檚 best nuclear technology and scientists, designed right here in the United States.鈥�
Earlier, Secretary of State Marco Rubio sought to head off emerging criticism of the decision under questioning by reporters about the risk that helping the Saudis fulfill their long-standing desire to enrich their own uranium could lead to new rounds of nuclear proliferation and competition in a volatile region.
鈥淭he U.S. is not going to reach any agreement with any country in the world that leads to the risk of proliferation,鈥� said Rubio, who was traveling in the Philippines on Wednesday.
The agreement does not include the ‘s Additional Protocol, which would allow for more monitoring, inspections and verification, according to a second person familiar with the decision.
The deal is expected to last 30 years and involve U.S. firms in developing the program. The Energy Department in a statement said it will be submitted for review to Congress, where it .
The oil-rich kingdom’s Energy Ministry said the agreement bolsters 鈥渆fforts to diversify energy sources, advance cutting-edge technologies, and expand opportunities for cooperation and investment in ways that serve the mutual interests of the two friendly countries.鈥�
The announcement comes during the launched by the U.S. and Israel, in part, to wipe out Tehran鈥檚 ability to develop a nuclear weapon. Iran has insisted its nuclear enrichment program is peaceful.
Ahead of the announcement, Alexander Bollfrass, a nuclear expert at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, called the deal 鈥渁 revolutionary new approach鈥� to nuclear nonproliferation policy.
鈥淭he revolutionary aspect of this agreement is that the United States is not asking Saudi Arabia to abide by the highest possible safeguards, internationally monitored safeguards that are standard and are available today, but instead is willing to at least theoretically transfer highly sensitive technology without the same level of oversight that one would expect,鈥� Bollfrass said.
President , during his first term, and former President tried to reach a nuclear deal with the kingdom to share American technology.
Enrichment could open the door to weaponization
Nonproliferation experts warn any spinning centrifuges within Saudi Arabia could open the door to a possible weapons program for the kingdom, something its assertive de facto leader, , has suggested he could pursue if Tehran obtains an atomic bomb.
traveled to Saudi Arabia last year shortly before Trump visited and discussed building out the kingdom鈥檚 commercial nuclear power industry with his Saudi counterpart. The U.S. Department of Energy has not responded to multiple requests for comment.
Already, Saudi Arabia and nuclear-armed Pakistan signed a mutual defense pact after Israel launched an attack on Qatar targeting Hamas officials. Pakistan鈥檚 defense minister then said his nation鈥檚 nuclear program 鈥渨ill be made available鈥� to Saudi Arabia if needed, something seen as a warning for Israel, long believed to be the Middle East鈥檚 only nuclear-armed state.
Some lawmakers are hesitant about giving Saudis enrichment capability
Enrichment isn鈥檛 an automatic path to a nuclear weapon 鈥� a nation also must master other steps, including the use of synchronized high explosives, for instance. But it does open the door to weaponization, which has fueled the West’s concerns over Iran鈥檚 program.
The United Arab Emirates, a neighbor to Saudi Arabia, signed a 123 agreement with the U.S. to build its Barakah nuclear power plant with South Korean assistance. But the UAE did so without seeking enrichment, something nonproliferation experts have held up as the 鈥済old standard鈥� for nations wanting atomic power.
Rubio, as a Republican senator representing Florida, backed a bipartisan 2018 proposal that called for requiring Congress to approve any 123 agreement with Saudi Arabia. The bill was reintroduced by a group of Democratic lawmakers in March but has not passed into law.
Typically, 123 agreements 鈥� which authorize U.S. companies to sell nuclear technology abroad 鈥� go into effect unless veto-proof majorities of Congress pass joint resolutions of disapproval.
Rosemary Kelanic, the Middle East director at Defense Priorities, a Washington think tank, said that uranium enrichment capability could give Saudi Arabia 鈥渁 potent source of leverage to extract future concessions from Washington, including new security guarantees, by threatening to weaponize its program unless the United States promises enhanced military protection.鈥�
US firms could be winners in expected deal
Rep. Brad Sherman, a California Democrat, predicted the deal would benefit U.S. nuclear giant Westinghouse, which builds the large light-water reactors Saudi Arabia is seeking.
The Trump administration said last month it is providing $17.5 billion in loans to speed development of 10 new large nuclear reactors designed by Westinghouse to meet skyrocketing power demand from massive data centers. The new reactors could use the same design, Westinghouse鈥檚 AP1000, in the planned Saudi deal.
Sherman said the U.S. military is 鈥渂ombing Iran because they insist upon enriching and reprocessing鈥� nuclear material.
Now it appears that U.S. officials 鈥渁re entering into an agreement with Saudi Arabia, giving them the green light to reprocess and to enrich, and the only difference I see here is that Westinghouse stands to make an awful lot of money on this deal, whereas the Iranians were not enriching American companies,鈥� Sherman said at a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing Wednesday.
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Price reported from Manila, Philippines. Associated Press writers Danica Kirka in London and Will Weissert contributed to this report.
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